Modern lighting Xingyuan can cut off Liu Xiande, she Xiaowu OSRAM Foshan Lighting Co., Ltd. 528000 fruit, some lighting quality is high, some are easy to use, some are cheap and so on. The specific requirements for lighting are different depending on the occasion. Based on this, this paper briefly analyzes the characteristics of the three traditional lighting sources.
The body discharge lamp m (strictly speaking, the German watch Johann Heinrich in 1854) invented the first carbon filament incandescent lamp; by 1905 0SRAM replaced the carbon wire with a wire, greatly improving the luminous efficacy and life of the incandescent lamp. It took a step forward; by 1938, the birth of the spotlights marked the official launch of the gas discharge source, and the light source products continued to develop.
Since the gas discharge lamp has an unparalleled advantage in terms of luminous efficacy life, it has been widely concerned since its birth, and the derived products can be described as diverse. There are currently more than 5,000 light sources on the market. However, in terms of the working principle of the widely used indoor and outdoor illumination light sources, they can be mainly divided into two categories: thermal radiation sources and gas discharge sources. The heat radiation source is represented by an ordinary incandescent bulb and a tungsten halogen series lamp. The gas discharge light source is mainly an arc discharge light source, and the glow discharge light source such as a neon lamp and a cold cathode light source are rarely used for illumination indoors and outdoors. The arc discharge source can be further divided into a low-pressure discharge source and a high-intensity discharge source. The low-pressure discharge light source is represented by a fluorescent lamp and an energy-saving lamp; the high-pressure discharge light source is represented by a high-pressure mercury fluorescent lamp, a high-voltage display lamp (a foreign low-pressure sodium lamp), and a metal halide lamp.
In recent years, many other new types of light sources have been continuously developed and developed, such as excimer light sources (ELS), microwave light sources, and solid state light sources (LEDs). However, in the past few decades, traditional light sources will dominate the world. For the convenience of everyone's choice, the working principles, advantages and disadvantages of these two types of traditional light sources will be compared to facilitate the selection.
1 ordinary incandescent lamp ordinary incandescent lamp (referred to as general bubble), generally equipped with a filament made of tungsten, the inside is pumped into a vacuum or filled with a small amount of inert gas. After the filament is energized, the tungsten wire is in a hot state and emits light. The higher the filament temperature, the higher the proportion of visible light that is radiated, ie the higher the efficiency of the lamp's conversion of electrical energy into visible light (abbreviated as lm/W). As the light efficiency increases, the filament temperature increases, and the evaporation speed of tungsten also increases, so that the lamp life will be shortened. The larger power bulb is filled with an inert gas of about 80 kPa, which can suppress the evaporation of tungsten to some extent, from extending the life of the lamp.
The typical luminous efficacy of ordinary incandescent lamps is llm/W, and the life of the lamps is 2 halogen lamps to further increase the operating temperature of the filaments. In the incandescent lamps, 2 to 8 atmospheres of inert gas and a small amount of halogen gas are injected. This is Tungsten halogen lamp. Its outer casing is generally made of high temperature resistant and high strength quartz glass or hard glass.
Gambling tungsten halogen lamps have the following obvious advantages compared with ordinary incandescent lamps: the size of the bulb can be made smaller; as the size of the bulb decreases, the strength of the bulb is improved, making it possible to increase the inflation pressure, and it can also be filled. Expensive inert gases, such as helium and neon, allow the filament to operate at higher temperatures, resulting in improved light efficiency and longer life; due to the halo-tungsten cycle (as shown), the bulb is reduced The blackening, the light output of the tungsten halogen lamp can be basically maintained throughout the life of the process.
Due to the above advantages of tungsten halogen lamps, their use is becoming more widespread.
The following are two low-voltage tungsten halogen lamps and line voltage tungsten halogen lamps produced by OSRAM.
The working voltage of low-voltage tungsten halogen lamps is generally 12/24V. The main products are G4, GY6.35 lamp beads, MR11, MR16 reflector cup lamps, etc. The power selection is from 10W to 50W, their main features. There are: color temperature is 2900K, color rendering index is 95100, therefore, it is more suitable for high-end commodity lighting with rich color; light effect is 16~20lm/W, life is 3000h; MR11, MR16 reflective cup lamp is made of single-ended quartz tungsten halogen The lamp is combined with a glass reflective cup with geometric optical properties to make reflector lamps with different light exit angles such as 100/240/380/600, providing more choices for different lighting requirements; MR11, MR16 reflector The lamp, because the surface of the lamp cup is alternately vacuum-deposited with 20 or more layers of high refractive index material, it can transmit 75% of the infrared rays, and the visible light is reflected. In this way, the temperature of the emitted light is greatly reduced, and thus, it is widely used in cold lighting places, such as supermarket food lighting.
Low-voltage tungsten halogen lamps have many advantages, but transformers are required when switching from commercial power to low voltage, which often makes people feel inconvenient when designing and installing. This problem does not exist with the line voltage tungsten halogen lamp, it can be used directly. However, the application of line voltage tungsten halogen lamps must overcome a technical problem caused by lightning explosion caused by lightning. At present, the countermeasures taken by most bulb manufacturers in China are to solder fuses on the outer guide wire of the bulb. However, due to the limitation of the size of the bulb, the length of the fuse is generally only a few millimeters, and the occurrence of flashover frying cannot be completely avoided.
OSRAM's patented encapsulation technology can avoid the occurrence of frothing in principle. For example, the Halopin G9 product of the line voltage tungsten halogen lamp completely eliminates the molybdenum rod conductive bracket in the lamp, and the tail of the filament is directly welded on the molybdenum sheet and sealed together in the quartz glass. When the filament ends up generating an electric arc, the wire tail portion sealed in the glass creates a "chimney effect", which blows out the arc and avoids the occurrence of frothing. In addition, since the lamp holder and the bead are eliminated, the venting amount of the component is reduced, and the life is greatly improved. Compared with the general line voltage tungsten halogen lamp, it has the advantage: in addition to the risk of flashing and frying, it can be used in an open environment, fully meeting the safety regulations of EC60432-2; (“the line voltage tungsten halogen lamp does not exceed 1000h); UV-resistant glass is used to effectively filter out harmful UV rays.
The heat radiation source, especially the halogen light source and the gas discharge light source, also has many advantages: small volume, low price, no need for accessories such as starting and ballast, good starting characteristics, high color rendering, and the product itself does not contain mercury.
Its high color rendering and start-up characteristics, especially low temperature start-up characteristics, are unmatched by gas discharge sources. Therefore, trying to completely replace another light source with a certain light source is not an easy task.
In the low-pressure mercury vapor discharge, a large amount of ultraviolet rays of 253.7 nm and a small amount of 185 ultraviolet rays and visible light are generated. The surface of the tube is coated with phosphor to convert 253.7 of ultraviolet light into visible light, which we call a fluorescent lamp. There are two commonly used phosphors: halophosphate phosphors and trichromatic phosphors. The light color effect of the tribasic toner is 15% higher than that of the halogen powder, the color rendering index is greater than 80, and the anti-185mn ultraviolet light is strong, so it is widely used in the thin tube diameter fluorescent lamp.
Fluorescent lamps can be divided into two categories: straight tube fluorescent lamps and shaped fluorescent lamps. There are daylight, cool and warm colors depending on the phosphor applied. Straight tube type can be divided into T12, T8, T5, T4, T3, T2, etc., there are various power designs, but generally will not exceed lW. Shaped fluorescent lamps include ring lights, energy-saving lamps, electrodeless lamps and so on. From the working principle and photoelectricity characteristics, we can completely equate the two with the exception of the induction lamp due to the high frequency of the introduction. We often say that the electronic energy-saving lamp, which is a product of modern electronic technology and trichromatic phosphors, can be used as a straight-tube type fluorescent lamp with a modified working environment.
In fluorescent lamps, strictly speaking, as an energy-saving consideration, a fluorescent tube with a thin tube diameter, a phosphor coated with three primary colors and equipped with a high-frequency electronic ballast should be recommended, and not just an energy-saving lamp. However, energy-saving lamps are a typical representative of the above three conditions.
The energy-saving lamp is 5 times higher in light efficiency than the incandescent lamp, and the incandescent lamp is 5 times longer in life; it is compact in structure and easy to use; its color rendering index is above 80. Therefore, energy-saving lamps are very popular and it is developing very fast. In the last century, the energy-saving lamps were only available in H, U and n types, and gradually developed into double H, double U and double n types. Now 3U, 3IT, 4U, 4n and spiral types have been developed, as well as dimming products. come out. The power of the lamp is also constantly growing, and 85W and 125W high-power energy-saving lamps have been introduced. Their ballasts have evolved from disparating components to using patches and even integrated circuits.
The power factor reaches 0.98, and the total harmonic distortion is less than 10%. It is necessary to teach startup and ballast problems for each gas discharge source. There are two ways to start a fluorescent light: bimetal start and high pressure quick start. There are also two ways of ballasting: inductive ballasting and electronic ballasting.
Electronic ballast has the following advantages: low power consumption, power saving of about 10%; dimming can be achieved; no stroboscopic.
Since the excitation potential is low, the saturated vapor pressure is low at room temperature, and the vapor pressure is high at high temperatures, mercury is generally present in the discharge lamp. In fluorescent lamps, the vapor pressure of mercury is very low, about 1pa, which indicates that the actual amount of mercury required is very small. Since the mercury is working in a saturated state in the spotlight, the amount of mercury is used more and has no effect on the performance of the lamp.
Liquid mercury is generally injected into fluorescent lamps, and its amount is not well controlled. In view of the cost issue, manufacturers tend to inject excessive amounts of mercury into the lamp, thus causing great harm to the environment. OSRAM uses a method of injecting iron in the lamp to strictly control the amount of mercury in the lamp, greatly reducing mercury pollution. In the energy-saving lamps, they also use the method of adding a dish of indium amalgam or auxiliary amalgam, which not only strictly controls the metric, but also ensures the optimal steam pressure in the lamp over a wider temperature range, so that the lamp The actual light efficiency is improved.
1 High-pressure mercury lamp High-pressure mercury lamp is the oldest of high-intensity discharge lamps. It can be divided into two categories: standard high-pressure mercury lamp and self-propelled high-pressure mercury lamp, and according to whether the outer bulb is coated with powder and powder type. Different from the new class! ). The power range is from 50 to 1000 W. The two types of high-pressure mercury lamps have the following differences: the standard type has a higher life: generally about 10,000 h. In the self-propelled type, the filament used as a ballast element is easily burned, so the life is Shortened to about 5000h; standard light efficiency and lumens are better: 250W is an example.
The standard light effect is 521m/W, the lumen maintenance rate after 6300h is 80%; the self-staying light efficiency is 211m/W, and the lumen maintenance rate after 3500h is 70%; Moreover, it is easy to extinguish the arc; (4) The self-igniting lamp does not need an external ballast, and can quickly reach normal brightness and good color rendering.
Since more than half of the visible light of the high-pressure mercury lamp is concentrated on several characteristic lines close to the ultraviolet region, its light color is blue-green and lacks red component, and the color rendering index is only about 20. In order to overcome its shortcomings, a phosphor is applied to the glass bulb to convert the ultraviolet light into red light, and the red component is added. This color rendering index can reach 40~50. There are one or two auxiliary electrodes in the discharge tube of the high pressure mercury lamp, which can help it start. Therefore, the high voltage lamp does not require an external start circuit. For some reason, the lamp is extinguished. At this time, the mercury vapor pressure in the lamp is high, and the discharge will be difficult to establish. Therefore, it must be cooled after the lamp is cooled, and similar conditions are found in the high-pressure sodium lamp and the metal halide lamp.
The current at the start of the lamp is very large, about twice the normal operation.
This is mainly because when the lamp is started, the vapor pressure of mercury in the tube is very low, and the electrons are easily passed. As the temperature of the discharge tube rises, the vapor pressure of the mercury in the tube rises continuously, and the electrons are less likely to pass, and the current will be Gradually become smaller and finally reach equilibrium. The effect of voltage changes on current, power, and optical flux is positively correlated. When the voltage rises, the voltage across the discharge tube rises, the electric field strength increases, the speed of electron movement increases, and the chance of impacting the mercury atom rises, so the current rises and the light flux becomes large. High-pressure sodium lamps and metal halide lamps are similar and will not be described again. It must be mentioned that the mercury in the high-pressure mercury lamp and the metal halide lamp is in an unsaturated state. Therefore, the photoelectric parameter change caused by the voltage is relatively small, and the mercury in the high-pressure sodium lamp is in a saturated state, so the photoelectric parameter caused by the voltage The change is relatively large. In the metal halide lamp, the change of the optical parameter caused by the change of the power supply voltage is more obvious than that of the metal halide lamp, which is mainly related to the temperature change of the discharge tube wall caused by the voltage change, and it also causes the color to drift.
2 Sodium lamp The discharge material of the sodium lamp is sodium metal. The inside is generally filled with mercury and an inert gas, but they are not discharge materials. The emission line of the high-pressure sodium lamp is mainly the broadening of the double yellow line of sodium, and the wavelength of the double yellow line is 589.0 nm and 589.6 nm. Therefore, the high-pressure sodium lamp does not contain ultraviolet rays, and the light is yellow. Since the double yellow line is close to the most sensitive green line (555nm) of the human eye, the high-efficiency sodium lamp has much higher luminous efficiency than the high-pressure mercury lamp and the metal halide lamp, and generally can reach llm/W. The high-pressure sodium lamp can be divided into three categories. : Standard type, instead of high pressure mercury lamp type, high color rendering type. It also has internal trigger and external trigger, T-shaped glass bulb and ellipsoid type. The high-pressure sodium lamp has the characteristics of higher luminous efficiency, longer life, acceptable color rendering, no insect attracting, and difficulty in discoloring the object. This makes the high-pressure sodium lamp widely used in indoors with low color rendering requirements. External lighting. The three types of high-pressure sodium lamps have the following characteristics: the standard type of light efficiency and longevity: this is not absolute. The light effect of OSRAM's SUPERNAV-T250W type can reach 1301m/w, and the corresponding common type is lllm/W; instead of high-pressure mercury lamp type, the starting voltage is the lowest, it can be directly started under the mains, and the common type trigger voltage is About 3000V; (3) The color rendering of the high color rendering type is the best, the color rendering index can reach 80, while the ordinary type is only about 25.
The ballast circuit of high-pressure sodium lamp can be divided into three types of ballasts: hysteresis type, constant power type and advanced type. The following table is a comparison of their advantages and disadvantages: due to the significant increase in tube pressure during the life of the high-pressure sodium lamp, coupled with its relatively high restart voltage, the previous barium sodium lamp ballast circuit usually uses a hysteresis type. With the continuous improvement of the performance of the high-pressure sodium lamp, the problem of the rise of the lamp voltage during the lifetime has been somewhat relieved. Therefore, the advanced ballast circuit is widely used. Constant power ballasts are best suited for applications where grid voltage fluctuations are large. In actual selection, according to its own situation, refer to the above table for flexible selection.
3 metal halide lamps can be simply thought that the metal halide of the discharge material is added to the high-pressure mercury lamp to become a metal halide lamp. There are more than 50 kinds of metal halides to meet the relevant requirements. Thousands of metal halide lamps can be made if several combinations are selected from them. However, the actual lamps are not arbitrarily combined in this way, but are appropriately selected depending on the required spectral characteristics.
Metal halide lamps are the third generation of light source products developed in the 1960s. Because of its excellent color rendering, high light efficiency, and the ability to produce a variety of color temperatures, and its small size and easy optical control, it is widely used in applications where high quality illumination is required.
The luminosity index of the metal halide lamp is largely determined by the formula of the gold halide pellet. Different metal halide pellets can be used to produce metal halide lamps with different effects. It can be divided into three series of Dy-Tl, Sc-Na and Na-Tl-In. Increasing the added elements in the golden halide pellets is beneficial to improve the color rendering index and light efficiency. The metal halide used in OSRAM contains Tm, Tl, H, Cs, Dy and other elements. Because it is a combination of various elements and contains a variety of rare earth elements, its light efficiency and color rendering are higher than ordinary gold. The halogen lamp is high.
Compared with high-pressure mercury lamps and sodium lamps, it is more difficult to start, and the repeated ignition voltage is higher. In North America, a peak-type ballast circuit is used, and a ballast (inductor) plus a trigger circuit is used in Europe. In China, it is currently confusing, both are adopted, and the relationship between the lamp-ballast-trigger is very complicated.
The discharge tube of the metal halide lamp generally uses quartz glass as its outer casing. In recent years, OSRAM Corporation has introduced a ceramic inner tube metal halide lamp. The existing 35W, 70W and 150W products are single-ended, double-ended and reflective. The luminous efficiency reaches 901m/W, the color rendering index is above 80, and the effective life is above 1000o. The ceramic inner tube metal halide lamp has the following advantages compared with the quartz metal halide lamp: it avoids the loss of the metal material in the lamp and ensures the stability of the color of the lamp; the arc tube size can be precisely controlled, so that the photoelectric performance is consistent and stable. Good; allow higher arc temperature, the light efficiency of the lamp can be increased by 10%~20%. When using the metal halide lamp, pay attention to the following problems: the lighting direction should be installed according to the manufacturer's recommendation: because of different lighting direction, cold end temperature Different, there will be different light effects and colors; there is a higher requirement for the stability of the power supply voltage: because the power of the voltage change lamp will change, the cold end temperature of the lamp is related to the power of the lamp. Thus, the saturated vapor pressure of the discharge material changes, which causes a large drift in color.
The lamp may explode at the end of the life and should be replaced on time: because the wall of the gold quotient lamp has a large load and the surface temperature is high, the quartz glass used as the discharge tube will crystallize and its strength will be lowered.
In general, incandescent light sources have low luminous efficacy and short life, which is the main reason why it is gradually replaced by fluorescent lamps. However, due to the relatively poor color rendering of the gas discharge source, the startup and ballast accessories are required, and the startup time is long and the volume is relatively large. It is also difficult to completely replace the incandescent lamp in various fields. However, due to the energy saving and life expectancy of gas discharge sources, modern technology is gradually overcoming its disadvantages, and their fields of application are constantly being broadened.
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